July Issue, 2009
Equity Matters

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Structuring Time for Learning

Time by itself means nothing, no matter how fast it moves, unless we give it something to carry for us; something we value. Because it is such a precious vehicle, is time.

- Ama Ata Aidoo

For over 150 years, American educational systems have operated on an agrarian calendar with similar start and end times to the day across the country (e.g. 7:30am to 2:30pm) (National Education Commission on Time and Learning (NECTL), 1994). By relying on a fixed schedule for school organization and curriculum the educational system is making a very big assumption that students arrive at school ready to learn in the same way, on the same schedule (NECTL). Changes in American lifestyles over the past 150 years are leading some educators to question whether the traditional school calendar is still the best option (Johnson & Spradlin, 2007).

For some school districts, the traditional school year may soon be a thing of the past. The movement

away from an August to May or September to June school year seems to be gaining momentum. For example, Arne Duncan, the current U.S. Education Secretary, believes the traditional school year places students at a disadvantage compared to other countries and he is pushing for reform measures to correct the situation. "It doesn't matter how poor, how tough the family background, socioeconomic challenges," Duncan has stated. "Where students have longer days, longer weeks, longer years -- that's making a difference.” However, context does matter so in some cases, extending the school year may not be the best solution. Extending the school day or creating after school programs may make more sense in some communities and for some children and families.

Many after school programs are providing evidence of positive development and are aligning themselves to reflect components of 21st Century learning (Hall, Israel, & Shortt, 2004).

The push for higher standards and achievement is leading many to reconsider alternatives to the conventional school year, whether that means extending in-school time, enhancing after-school programs, or re-thinking the structure within a school itself. At the Equity Alliance we continue to examine new initiatives through a critical lens to understand how proposed changes will benefit students and families who have been marginalized in the past. In this issue of Equity Matters we explore a few projects that offer new ways of structuring time for learning.
Equity in Action

The Center for Educational Pathways is a nonprofit organization “dedicated to helping underserved children and their teachers build creative pathways to academic success.” By restructuring and reconsidering time for learning,the Center is promoting creativity as an avenue to academic growth and social development for every child. Current programs include The Comic Book Project and Youth Music Exchange.


The Comic Book Project
The Comic Book Project engages children in the creative process of creating comics to increase literacy skills. Children also learn social and character development which helps increase cultural tolerance. Through collaboration with the community, children are able to spread positive messages to others. Past themes include conflict resolution, leadership, environmental action, teamwork, and financial education. Publications of selected comic book projects are available for download here.

Youth Music Exchange
The Youth Music Exchange is an after-school program that creates record labels the children own and manage with the help of community-based organizations. The program reinforces academic learning, social development, and career skills through the writing of music, developing marketing strategies, and designing artwork for the music packaging and promotion.

Tools You Can Use

Books

Are Smaller Learning Community High Schools Better?: A Comparison of Smaller Learning Community High Schools and Traditional High Schools on Academic Achievement by Jason Mixon. Smaller learning community high schools divide large high schools into smaller, more personalized learning communities and have emerged as a potential solution to the racial achievement gap in large high schools. This book compared 12 smaller learning community high schools with 12 traditional high schools on student academic achievement. While small schools generally outperform large schools on certain academic performance indicators, this study revealed that overall there is no significant difference in student performance between the schools, and the racial achievement gap persists.

 

Leading & Managing Extended Schools: Ensuring Every Child Matters by David Middlewood and Richard Parker. This book is designed to shows leader of all types of schools how to extend school time by building on and adapting their current practices. The authors explain the context of Extended Schools, in the UK and elsewhere, and outline the features of effective schools and leaders, while providing practical advice from case studies from a range of settings. This book is geared towards multiple audiences including: leaders beginning in extended schools, political leaders, advisers, and graduate students in Education Policy.

Online Tools

Edutopia has been exploring various after-school programs around the country and provide mini-documentaries, interviews, and other content on their website here. The site also has in-depth explanations of four programs that include sample lessons, articles, videos, contacts, and other in-depth materials, all of which are adaptable for different stakeholder groups.


 

National Center on Time & Learning “The National Center on Time & Learning is dedicated to expanding learning time to improve student achievement and enable a well-rounded education for all children.” The Center conducts research, acts as advisors to policy makers, and provides technical assistance to schools expanding learning time to meet their students’ needs. Check out their website to learn more about the Center, browse resources, learn about policy updates, or request TA.


 

Massachusetts 2020 Beginning in 2000, Massachusetts 2020 uses a combination of public policy, research and programming to expand and improve learning opportunities for children in the state. Initial efforts focused on after-school and summer learning programs. Currently, efforts are focused on the Expanded Learning Time (ELT) Initiative, which is geared toward expanded learning time and redesigning schools. They have compiled an online resource guide for ELT Planning and Redesign to for schools and districts committed to expanding learning time for their students (click here to view the guide).


 

  New and Exciting

Professional Learning for Equity Module
This module guides participants through an exploration of inclusive educational systems, schools, and classrooms, and through activities that allow them to construct their own. Downloadable materials include PowerPoint presentations, participant handouts, and facilitator manuals. Click here to download the module.

 

Equity in Action: Professional Learning for Culturally Responsive Teaching
Our newest publication, Professional Learning for Culturally Responsive Teaching includes key principles to guide development and implementation of professional learning, and also presents several research-based exemplars of practice that demonstrate educators’ engagement in PL that results in the improvement of students’ academic and social outcomes. Click here to read the publication.

Upcoming Events
August 5-7, 2009 : National Urban Service Learning Institute in Philadelphia, PA.
August 17-19, 2009 : OSEP Leadership Conference
August 20-21, 2009 : High Performing, Inclusive Secondary Schools: A Leadership Institute in Newton, MA.
February 16-17, 2010 : Leadership for Equity and Excellence Forum in Phoenix, Arizona.
November 9-14, 2009 : The Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children annual conference in Charlotte, NC. This year’s theme is “Teacher Preparation in Changing Times: Fostering Partnerships Between Special Education and General Education”
January 29-31, 2010 : The Different From What? Film Festival, in Tempe, AZ.

 

We welcome you to submit your session proposal for the 2010 Leadership for Excellence and Equity Forum by September 25th, 2009. Click here to access the submission form.

Online
Publications

On Time, and How to Get More of It This OnPoint published by NIUSI talks about strategies for reorganizing time within schools. The author acknowledges that no one strategy will work for everyone, but that the use of time reflects what is important to the school community; therefore time allocations should be examined carefully and when scheduling yields more time that it needs to be used effectively. This publication gives multiple tips on how to gain a few more precious minutes in the school day.

 

Ninth grade support: A look at the research Research has indicated that the transition to high school is difficult for many students, potentially leading to decreased motivation and a decline in grades (Klump, 2008). Various strategies have been implemented to ease students into a high school community, two of which are summarized here.

Talent Development High Schools Model is a small learning community approach that is specifically tailored to support ninth graders with instruction that includes social and study skills development, specialized supports, and team teaching for small groups of students. The Institute of Educational Sciences What Works Clearinghouse evaluated four studies of the Model and concluded that it has “potentially positive effects on progressing in school” (What Works Clearinghouse, 2007).

Project Transition was a strategy to help ninth-graders in two high schools during the 1996-97 school year and is similar to the Talent Development model. The project included coaching around instruction but the teachers chose the instructional practices they wished to use, while the Talent Development Model includes specialized curricula and instructional methods (Herlihy, 2007).

These two programs showed that the transition to high school can be eased somewhat with structural changes and specialized curricula, neither of which are simple to implement in school systems. Check out Herlihy’s research brief which includes further information on both programs as well as an assessment tool for school and ninth-grade students to aid in determining which students need the most support in their high school transition.

 

Alternatives to traditional school year This brief put out by the Center for Evaluation & Educational Policy outlines the history behind the current school calendar, the difference between extended and year-round school years, as well as related research.


 

Equity Alliance at
ASU Online

Visit our website: http://www.equityallianceatasu.org/.

Check out our NIUSI-LeadScape guest writers’ blog for our newest piece: Professional Development – Update the Reality and Engagement! By Rebeckah Winans www.niusileadscape.org/bl/.

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